It is estimated that about twenty percent Colorectal Cancer patients have a genetic component, and HNPCC is the most common autosomal dominant hereditary syndrome. A few Chinese HNPCC pedigrees were recently reported in the January 2008 issue of the World Journal of Gastroenterology because of their great significance for hereditary Colorectal Cancer. The article describes how five independent Chinese kindreds of HNPCC fulfilled the classical Amsterdam Criteria, as collected by researchers at the Sun Yet-san University in China. The research group has built on a Colorectal Cancer database since 1994 and the follow-up rate has consistently been above 90%. Eleven independent Chinese kindreds of HNPCC were collected by deep pedigree investigation until January and a few of them fulfilled the classical Amsterdam Criteria. To identify high-risk populations with HNPCC, the scientist tested the presence of the hMSH2 and hMLH1 mutations in these classical kindreds.  A novel hMSH2 gene mutation was found in one HNPCC kindred. In the kindred, there were four colorectal carcinoma patients in two successive generations, and three of them were diagnosed before the age of 45. The proband developed endometrial carcinoma at the age of 61, bladder carcinoma at 66 years and Colorectal Cancer at the age of 72, while his father got bladder carcinoma at the age of 70. In addition, one proband in the daughter had Colorectal Cancer  at the age of 34 and died of synchronous hepatic metastasis. In the kindred, gene testing was performed on ten family members and four of them were found to have a mutation in hMSH2 at position A1808G. The mutation sequence variant was in exon 12 of hMSH2 gene, and was identified as a missense mutation. It was a single nucleotide substitution of c.1808A to G which resulted in Asp 603 Gly of hMSH2. Three of them with this mutation had developed Colorectal Cancer and one had no colorectal disease and was still in follow-up. The results of this study indicate that molecular pathological tests should be performed to identify individuals with hereditary non-polyposis Colorectal Cancer and at-risk family members of HNPCC. Although the novel mutation reported by the research team has not been confirmed as a germline mutation yet, it may be an important factor for Colorectal Cancer development in kindreds. Close follow-up and intensive surveillance using colonoscopy should be performed for those high risk family members.